Typhoid

What is Typhoid?

Typhoid is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. It affects the gut and can lead to severe complications if untreated. It is most common in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. 

How is it Spread? 

• Through contaminated food or water 
• By poor hand hygiene or contact with infected individuals 
• Risk increases in areas with inadequate sewage and food safety systems 

Who is at Risk? 

• Travellers to South Asia, Africa, Central/South America 
• Those staying with locals or in rural areas 
• Humanitarian workers or people in contact with local water/food systems 
• Individuals with weakened immune systems 

Signs and Symptoms: 

• High fever that persists 
• Abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhoea 
• Headache, tiredness, loss of appetite 
• Sometimes a faint, rose-coloured rash 
• Without treatment, serious complications may develop 

When to Consider Vaccination: 

• If travelling to high-risk countries 
• If working or volunteering in public health, sanitation, or disaster relief 
• If staying long-term in remote or rural areas 
• Ideally given 2–3 weeks before travel 

The Vaccine: 

• Vi injection (single dose) – lasts for 3 years 
• Oral capsules (Ty21a) – taken over several days 
• Vaccination reduces risk but doesn’t replace safe food and water practices